When it comes to investing, customers are not always as rational as they think they are and often reduce their returns by poor investment behaviour. Market volatility may exacerbate these issues and lead investors to suffer far worse outcomes than they should. Financial advisers have an important and valuable role in helping their customers avoid or mitigate these issues.
The Behaviour Gap
Economic theory posits that individuals behave in a rational manner and that all existing information is included in the market price of assets. However, research shows that rational behaviour is often lacking and human emotions influence investors in their decision-making process.
While it’s debatable how best to measure the gap between the return which could be achieved and the return our poor behaviour delivers, there is less doubt about whether it exists and what causes it. Estimates put the behaviour gap between just over 1% and just over 4% (though there is dispute at the efficacy of the latter’s methodology) - Betterment have a useful summary of these studies (below):
Estimates of the behaviour gap chart:
Source: Betterment
So how irrational are we?
Here is a quick summary of some behavioural theories and their impacts.
A. Regret Theory
Regret theory, the emotion people experience after realising they've made an error in judgment. Affected by the buying price of the fund, they then may not sell it to avoid the regret of badly investing or the embarrassment of reporting a loss. And if an investor only considered buying a fund and it increased in value, then there may be the feeling of having missed out.
B. Mental Accounting
Humans tend to compartmentalise events and the difference between these compartments sometimes impacts our behaviour more than the events themselves e.g. the hesitation to sell an investment that once had large gains and now only has a small gain.
C. Prospect / Loss-Aversion Theory
Prospect theory suggests people express a different degree of emotion towards gains than towards losses. Individuals are more distressed by prospective losses than they are happy from the same size gain. They may also risk holding on to losing funds to avoid losses than to realise gains.
D. Anchoring
In the absence of better or new information, investors often assume that the market price is correct. People tend to believe recent market views, opinions and events, and mistakenly extrapolate recent trends that differ from historical, long-term averages and probabilities.
E. Over-Reacting
Investors take an optimistic approach with a rising market and a pessimistic one during downturns. A consequence of anchoring or placing too much importance on recent events, while ignoring longer term data, is an over- or under- reaction to markets. So, we see prices falling too much on bad news and rising too much on good news.
F. Overconfidence
People generally rate themselves as being above average in their abilities. They also overestimate the precision of their knowledge and their knowledge relative to others. Overconfidence results in excess trades, with trading costs eroding performance.
G. Reaching for yield
Since the global financial crisis interest rates have been at historic lows and there is growing evidence that these low interest rates increase investors’ appetite for risk taking, a phenomenon referred to as “reaching for yield.”
What can advisers do to help?
The key role of the financial planner / fiduciary is to be aware of these issues and to help coach investors through them. And to employ strategies to assist.
The future
The way we are wired as humans has ensured our survival as a species over thousands of years, but it turns out to be a considerable hindrance in our ability to run investment portfolios effectively. There is a clear and valuable role for advisers to help customers close the “behaviour gap” and flourish - perhaps that’s why we are seeing a rise in robo-advisers - if humans are poor when it comes to investing, should we let the robots take over?
David Norman, Joint Founder and CEO, TCF Investment
David (DAN) Norman has held senior sales and marketing roles with life companies, banks and asset managers and was CEO of Credit Suisse Asset Management (UK) before jointly founding TCF Investment a decade ago.
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